PA-9 TRANSFORMERS Application Guide

2022-07-21
●Problems with transformers can be due to transient voltages caused by lightning or switching operations which can result in degradation or immediate dielectric failure. High magnitude and fast rise time contribute to insulation breakdown in transformers. Repeated lower magnitude application of transients can cause slow degradation and eventual insulation failure, decreasing equipment mean time between failures. Voltage swells can also reduce the equipment life of transformers over time.
●Voltage imbalance can also cause heating in transformers. In general, utility supply voltage is maintained at a relatively low level of phase imbalance since even a low level of imbalance can cause heating effects on the generation, transmission, and distribution system equipment. Voltage imbalance more commonly emerges in individual customer loads due to phase load imbalances, especially where large, single phase power loads are used, such as single phase arc furnaces. In these cases, overheating of customer motors and transformers can readily occur if the imbalance is not corrected.
●Waveform distortion can also cause heating in transformers. Harmonic current injection from customer loads into the utility supply system can cause harmonic voltage distortion to appear on the utility system supply voltage. This harmonic current and voltage distortion can cause overheating of rotating equipment, transformers, and current carrying conductors. Harmonic voltage distortion on a utility system can cause the same problems to a customer's equipment and can cause overheating of utility transformers, power carrying conductors, and other power equipment.
●Common Causes of harmonics include electronic loads and SCR/Rectifier Loads.
●Common causes of transients include lightning, load switching, capacitor switching and loose wiring/arcing.

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2005/6/15

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