ADI’s Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) Solutions
■An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the potential life threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia in a patient. Automatic refers to the unit’s ability to autonomously analyze the patient’s condition; to assist this, the vast majority of units have spoken prompts, while some may also have visual displays to instruct the user. With simple audio and visual commands, AEDs are designed to be simple to use for the layman.
■Defibrillators can be external, transvenous, or implanted, depending on the type of device used or needed. The external defibrillator could be manual or automatic by operation method, and monophasic or biphasic waveform by energy delivery method.
■Defibrillation consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the affected heart with a device called a defibrillator. This depolarizes a critical mass of the heart muscle, terminates the dysrhythmia, and allows normal sinus rhythm to be reestablished by the body’s natural pacemaker in the sinoatrial node of the heart. The energy selection is decided by the AED device automatically according to the electrocardiogram (ECG) and impedance gotten from both of the defibrillator electrodes, then the safety processor controls the power circuit to charge the high voltage capacitor with selected energy. After the capacitor charging is complete, the device should prompt the user to do a shock operation, which is a high risk operation, and a double confirmation is always needed to make sure both the operator and the patient are safe. Before and after defibrillation, the optional multi-lead ECG monitor (3/5/10 leads) may be used to evaluate the treatment. The ECG in the defibrillator electrode is a simple single-lead ECG for basic ECG measurement like R wavelet recognition, but the optional multi-lead ECG is a diagnostic monitor level, which can detect complex issues.
●AED Design Considerations and Major Challenges
■Safety is the first priority in AED design. Any operation must ensure the safety of both operator and patient, so some redundant designs are necessary.
▲Both the safety and the operation processor need to check each other to ensure the right decision.
▲Discharge the charged capacitor if it times out.
▲Double confirmation is required for energy delivery.
▲An audio prompt is helpful.
▲Disable the energy delivery if the target impedance is not in range of the human body.Isolation is critical for matters internal and external.
▲The device must ensure enough insulation between the internal high voltage and the device surface/port.
▲The device must provide an insulation mechanism between the internal high voltage and low voltage part. As you know, the defibrillation works in high voltage mode while the signal processor works in low voltage mode. Therefore, a path switch based on the relay can be used.Fast response is critical. The AED is a device for life saving, so the faster the response of the device, the greater possibility of life saving.
▲Fast boot-up for operation.
▲Fast response to an external signal like the external patient monitor trigger out.
▲Real-time R wavelet recognition for exact time to delivery energy.
▲Real-time energy control for the shock procedure; it is IP related to a different energy delivery waveform.
▲Fast charge and energy delivery to save time.Reliability is critical. The AED can be used in many fields: in the hospital and out of the hospital, in high vibration conditions like ambulances and helicopters, and in outdoor applications like in sunshine and rainy weather. So the AED may need antivibration, waterproofing, and so on for complex conditions.
▲Wide operation temperature range.
▲Lower performance drift over temperature range, like bias current and noise.
▲The power circuit should work well for large current surges.Interaction is helpful to operate the AED easily.
▲An audio prompt can be used to indicate how to do the next step.
▲An audio recorder can be used to record the rescue procedure for evidence.Connectivity is necessary for the modern AED.
▲Wireless connectivity like ISM and Wi-Fi is helpful for the device in the hospital; GPRS/3G is helpful for the device out of the hospital.
▲Some peripherals like LAN, UART, and a memory card are used for the electrical medical system.
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AD8625 、 AD8542 、 AD8544 、 AD8505 、 AD8506 、 AD8613 、 ADA4505-1 、 ADA4505-2 、 ADuC7023 、 ADuC7024 、 AD8220 、 AD8221 、 AD8236 、 AD8232 、 AD8233 、 ADAS1000 、 ADuC7126 、 AD8237 、 ADA4505-4 、 ADP1822 、 ADP1823 、 ADP1828 、 ADP1829 、 AD7091R 、 AD7656-1 、 AD7684 、 ADSP-BF524C 、 ADSP-BF527C 、 ADXL345 、 ADXL362 、 ADF7020 、 ADF7023 、 AD7687 、 ADP7102 、 ADP150 、 ADuM4400 、 ADuM4401 、 ADuM4070 、 ADuM4470 、 ADuM4471 、 ADuM4472 、 ADuM4473 、 ADUM4474 、 ADuM6000 、 ADuM6200 、 ADuM6201 、 ADuM6402 、 ADuM6400 、 ADuM6401 、 ADuM6403 、 ADuM6404 、 ADuM4160 、 ADM2491E 、 ADAU1701 、 ADAU1702 、 ADuC7021 、 ADuC7022 、 AD8626 、 AD8617 、 AD8619 、 AD8226 、 ADuM4402 、 ADP1621 、 ADP1821 、 AD7176-2 、 ADuC7019 、 ADuC7020 、 ADuC7025 、 ADuC7026 、 ADuC7027 、 ADuC7028 、 AD862x 、 AD8508 、 ADuM440x 、 AD7657-1 、 AD7658-1 、 ADP7104 、 ADP151 、 ADP2384 、 ADP2386 |
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Please see the document for details |
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English Chinese Chinese and English Japanese |
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2021/06/26 |
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