What Caused The Lithium Battery to Explode?

PublishTime： 2024-08-13 Article Source：Grepow Official Website

The type of battery core explosion can be summarized as an external short circuit, internal short circuit, and overcharge. The external part here refers to the outside of the battery cell and includes a short circuit caused by poor insulation design inside the battery pack.

The characteristics of lithium

Lithium is the smallest and most active metal on the chemical periodic table. Small in size and high in capacity density, it is widely welcomed by consumers and engineers. However, the chemical properties are too active and pose a very high risk. When exposed to air, lithium metal can explode with intense oxidation of oxygen. In order to improve safety and voltage, scientists have invented materials such as graphite and lithium cobalt oxide to store lithium atoms. The molecular structure of these materials forms a nanoscale storage grid that can be used to store lithium atoms. In this way, even if the battery casing is broken and oxygen enters, the oxygen molecules are too large to enter these fine cells, so that the lithium atoms do not come into contact with oxygen to avoid an explosion. This principle of lithium-ion batteries allows people to achieve high-density density while achieving safety. When a lithium-ion battery is charged, the lithium atom of the positive electrode loses electrons and oxidizes to lithium ions. Lithium ions swim through the electrolyte to the negative electrode, enter the cell of the negative electrode, and obtain an electron, which is reduced to a lithium atom. When discharging, the entire program is reversed. In order to prevent the battery from being short-circuited by direct contact between the positive and negative terminals, a separator paper with a large number of fine holes is added to the battery to prevent short circuits. Good diaphragm paper can also automatically close the pores when the battery temperature is too high so that lithium ions can not pass through and prevent danger.

Fig.1

Protective measuresCharging voltage upper limit

Lithium Battery cells will begin to produce side effects when they are overcharged to a voltage higher than 4.2V. The higher the overcharge voltage, the higher the risk. After the lithium battery voltage is higher than 4.2V, the amount of lithium atoms remaining in the positive electrode material is less than half. At this time, the storage cell often collapses, causing a permanent drop in battery capacity. If the charging continues, since the cell of the negative electrode is already filled with lithium atoms, the subsequent lithium metal will accumulate on the surface of the negative electrode material. These lithium atoms grow dendrites from the surface of the negative electrode toward the direction of lithium ions. These lithium metal crystals pass through the separator paper, shorting the positive and negative electrodes. Sometimes the battery explodes before the short circuit occurs. This is because, during the overcharging process, the electrolyte and other materials will crack and generate gas, causing the battery casing or pressure valve to bulge and rupture, allowing oxygen to enter and react with the lithium atoms deposited on the surface of the negative electrode. Then exploded. Therefore, when charging a lithium battery, you must set the upper voltage limit to take into account the battery life, capacity, and safety. The optimal charging voltage is limited to 4.2V.

The lower limit of discharge voltage

Lithium batteries should also have a lower voltage limit when discharging. When the cell voltage is lower than 2.4V, some materials will start to be destroyed. Since the battery will self-discharge, the voltage will be lower for a longer time. Therefore, it is best not to put it at 2.4V to stop. During the period from the discharge of 3.0V to 2.4V, the energy released by the lithium battery is only about 3% of the battery capacity. Therefore, 3.0V is an ideal discharge cutoff voltage.

Current limit

In charge and discharge, in addition to the voltage limit, the current limitation is also necessary. When the current is too large, lithium ions cannot enter the cell and will accumulate on the surface of the material. When these lithium ions obtain electrons, crystals of lithium atoms are generated on the surface of the material, which is dangerous as overcharge. In the event of a broken battery case, it will explode. Therefore, the protection of the lithium-ion battery must include at least three factors: the upper limit of the charging voltage, the lower limit of the discharging voltage, and the upper limit of the current. In the general lithium battery pack, in addition to the lithium battery core, there will be a protective board, which is mainly to provide these three protections. However, these three protections of the protection board are obviously not enough, and the global lithium battery explosion is still frequent. To ensure the safety of the battery system, a more careful analysis of the cause of the battery explosion must be performed.

Cause of battery explosion

1. Internal polarization is large. 2. The pole piece absorbs water and reacts with the electrolyte to form an air drum. 3, The quality of the electrolyte itself, performance issues. 4. The amount of liquid injection during the injection is not up to the process requirements. 5. The laser welding and welding sealing performance are poor in the assembly process, and the air leakage and leak detection are leaky. 6. Dust, extreme film dust is easy to lead to the micro-short circuit, the specific reasons are unknown. 7. The positive and negative electrodes are thicker than the process range, and it is difficult to enter the shell. 8, The problem of liquid injection sealing, steel ball sealing performance is not good, resulting in an air drum. 9. The shell material has a thick shell wall, and the shell deformation affects the thickness.

Fig.2

Explosion type analysis

External short circuit

When a short circuit occurs outside the cell, and the electronic component fails to cut off the circuit, high heat is generated inside the cell, causing some of the electrolyte to vaporize and the battery case is enlarged. When the internal temperature of the battery is as high as 135 degrees Celsius, the good quality diaphragm paper will close the pores, the electrochemical reaction will terminate or nearly terminate, the current will drop suddenly, and the temperature will slowly drop, thus avoiding the explosion. However, the pore closing rate is too poor, or the separator paper, which does not close the pores at all, will cause the battery temperature to continue to rise, more electrolyte vaporizes, and finally, the battery casing is broken, and the battery temperature is raised even to The material burns and explodes.

Internal short circuit

The internal short circuit is mainly caused by the burr of the copper foil and the aluminum foil piercing the diaphragm, or the dendrite of lithium atoms piercing the diaphragm. These tiny needle-like metals can cause micro short circuits. Since the needle is very thin and has a certain resistance value, the current is not necessarily large. Copper and aluminum foil burrs are caused during the production process. The observed phenomenon is that the battery leaks too quickly, and most of them can be screened by the battery factory or assembly plant. Moreover, since the burrs are small, they are sometimes blown off, so that the battery returns to normal. Therefore, the probability of an explosion caused by a burr micro-short circuit is not high.

Overcharge

In this way, it is possible to get a bad battery with a low voltage shortly after charging in each battery factory, but there are few explosion events and statistical support. Therefore, the explosion caused by the internal short circuit is mainly caused by overcharge. Because, after overcharging, the lenticular lithium metal crystals are everywhere on the pole piece, and the piercing point is everywhere, and micro short circuits occur everywhere. Therefore, the battery temperature will gradually increase, and finally, the high temperature will be the electrolyte gas. In this case, whether the temperature is too high, the material burns and explodes, or the outer casing is broken first, these are explosions caused by overcharging. Although the lithium battery will fail sometimes, it's still a kind of safe and mature technology and because of that, when the battery suddenly exploded, it will become the news, which also shows significant failure is how rare battery manufacturers to prevent battery failure, installed a large number of protective measures, or at least reduce the fault caused by the damage.

Fig.3

To avoid the above problems, we need to choose safe batteries from reliable battery manufacturers. Grepow batteries meet the requirements of ROHS, CE, UL, UN38. 3, MSDS and other certifications. It is in compliance with international standards to ensure safety for all applications. With over 20 years of customer service experience, Grepow has developed a very complete service system, specifically tailored for Grepow customers, which helps Grepow in better understanding your needs in the first step of our communication, in a highly time-efficient way.

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