APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGH RESISTANCE GROUND RETROFITS IN PULP AND PAPER MILLS
■Safety and reliability of Low Voltage-High Resistance Grounding schemes have made them an excellent choice for application in the pulp & paper and other process industries. As facilities shift toward this technology for low voltage substations for improved reliability, retrofitting existing grounded systems requires several critical application considerations. This paper will briefly review different grounding methods and their theory of operation. Then, examples of actual installations will be presented that will identify potential misapplications of high resistance ground retrofits, discuss what typical ground voltages and currents to expect, and present important considerations for reliable and safe installation of HRG equipment.
●INTRODUCTION
■Power systems engineers have developed several methods of effective grounding of industrial power distributions systems over the years.Historically, the method of system grounding selected for various electrical system settings, e.g. industrial,commercial, etc., dates back to the early part of this century when only two methods were considered: solid grounded and ungrounded. Solid grounding with its advantage of high fault levels to drive protective devices into tripping had equally significant disadvantages such as dangers posed by arcs in hazardous areas. Also, the issue of service continuity of critical loads pointed away from this grounding method. The perception that ungrounded systems provide service continuity, at least through the first ground fault, strongly suggested ungrounded systems. In more recent times well accepted, if not misapplied grounding techniques utilizing resistance or reactance, have provided the power systems engineer other alternatives. These techniques as well as solidly grounded and ungrounded systems will be examined next.
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Please see the document for details |
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English Chinese Chinese and English Japanese |
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2002/12/11 |
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227 KB |
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