BURNDY® Substation Catalog

2022-08-16

▲INTRODUCTION
●Connectors for use in EHV Substations must meet essentially the same electrical and mechanical requirements as those for other power connectors. However, operations at extra high voltages imposes an important additional requirement. They must not produce corona discharges that interfere with radio reception and cause energy loss.
●Corona forms when the voltage gradient at the surface of a conducting material exceeds a critical value and ionizes the surrounding air. For conductors, the four basic factors that determine surface voltage gradient are distance from ground, conductor diameter, phase spacing and voltage.
●In A.C. circuits, there are two basic kinds of corona. Negative corona forms during the negative half cycle, and positive corona during the positive half cycle. Negative corona generally appears as a glow on conventional conductors at about 20 kV rms/cm. Its amplitude is relatively low and cause no significant radion interference. Positive corona appears as a plume at above 30 kV rms/cm. Its amplitude is about 50 times higher than that for negative corona and is the major cause of radio interference.
●BURNDY® EHV connectors are designed so that under fair weather operation conditions the voltage gradient at the connector surface will be at a level that will not cause corona and the resultant radio interference. (RIV)
■BURNDY® DESIGN CRITERIA
■Cable Connectors
●For reasons of economy, EHV systems using stranded conductor are generally designed to operate at voltage gradients close to the negative corona onset level. It is essential, therefore, that connectors provide corona-free performance superior to that of the cable. So our design criterion calls for the voltage which corona extinguishes from the connector to be higher than the voltage at which it extinguishes from the cable. This criterion is met by eliminating all projections and by providing smooth contours on all surfaces. On compression elements, the ends are especially critical. Carefully designed tapers are provided to keep the voltage gradient at a level lower than that on the conductor. Of course,it is still necessary during installation to smooth crimped elements.
●On accessories, like spacers for bundled lines, the critical areas are those at the edges of the bundle. The bundle itself generally shields those parts that fall within it. Many projections that would cause corona on a single conductor line are quiet when they fall within the shielding influence of a bundle. However, those parts that fall at the edges are carefully finished at the factory to insure corona-free operation.
■Tubular Bus Connectors
●Station designers choose tubular bus sizes on the basis of mechanical rather than electrical requirements. For instance, stations that only need 4” IPS to meet electrical and corona requirements often have 6” IPS as main buses. The resultant voltage gradient on these buses is very low, perhaps only 10 kV rms/cm, well below the corona onset level.
●It is impractical therefore, to require that connectors operate quieter than the bus regardless of the voltage. Under some circumstances, it might be impossible to meet such criteria. In most cases, it would be prohibitively expensive to do so.
●Of course, theoretically optimum connectors could be designed for each application, based on the design voltage gradient for individual stations. However, in most cases even differences as great as that between 345 and 500 kV don’t have a meaningful impact on connector costs. So, from a practical point of view, it is feasible to design most connectors for 500 kV operation. This makes it more convenient for the station designers to select and order connectors.
●Bus connectors are designed to provide corona-free performance under conditions of actual operation. This is done by calculating the voltage gradient on the surface of the bus at 500 kV, using the phase spacing and ground distance typical for this voltage. Connectors are then designed to operate corona free when the voltage gradient on the bus is 10% above this value.
●The exceptions to this rule are the flexible expansion connectors. Those designed for 345 kV are self-shielding. Those for 500 kV have separate shielding rings. Experimental work on self-shielding 500 kV expansion connectors indicates that the margin of safety is too small to justify recommending them for this voltage.

HUBBELL

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2019/03/10

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