Using the AT89C2051 Microcontroller as a Virtual Machine

PublishTime： 2021-11-23 Manufacturer： Microchip Type： Application note & Design Guide Language： English

■ It is often cited that what differentiates an embedded microcontroller from other general purpose computing devices is its integration into a larger electrical or elec-tro-mechanical system. While this is generally true, the fact remains that processors of widely differing capability and architecture are employed in this regard.
■ Unfortunately, this broad explanation defines nothing; we are still left to contend with everything from full-blown embedded PCs to the smallest self-contained single-chip microcontrollers. Within this expansive realm, conventional wisdom may lead to the conclusion that the smallest microcontrollers are only appropriate for driving small-scale applications with very limited processing requirements. While this is unquestionably the case in many instances, a class of applications exists that mandates a relatively high level of program complexity within severely con-strained space limitations. Faced with such a seeming paradox, engineer soften feel they have no choice but to adopt a less than optimal design strategy using a larger microcontroller than originally intended.
■ The problem, of course, is one of limited resources. Functional complexity implies a non-trivial program, and the greater the functional complexity the larger the program. Even as the capability of small single-chip microcontrollers continuously inches upwards, application requirements seem to grow at a commensurate rate. Trying to hit such a moving target is difficult at best.
■ The economy of using a microcontroller with just enough processing power for a given application is a potent incentive to find just the right fit. Of course, this only works when the system requirements are thoroughly understood and clearly defined. Since such a design normally has little reserve capacity, it is usually hard pressed to handle features beyond those originally specified. Should additional capabilities eventually become a necessity, the result could be a system that runs out of steam and an engineer that runs out of options. Such are the perils of designing on the edge.
■ Atmel's AT89C2051 offers capabilities that far exceed those of competing devices of similar size. This opens up potential design opportunities that were simply unattainable with previously avail-able parts. Housed in a 20-pin package, Atmel's miniature microcontroller retains all the major features of the 8051 architecture. Furthermore, the AT89C2051 includes all of the 8051's "special" pins including the external interrupts, UART transmit and receive lines, and the external timer controls. Even though the AT89C2051 significantly ups the processing ante, it would seem that there are limits to what you can accomplish with any single-chip microcontroller.
■ This dilemma is nothing new. The traditional way of dealing with such limitations has been to operate the microcontroller in external memory mode. Common sense would indicate the hopelessness of applying such an approach to the AT89C2051. After all, the AT89C2051 is truly a single-chip design that does not even possess an external bus structure. It turns out that the situation is not hopeless at all.

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